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Argues that Japan's aid to the People's Republic of China may unintentionally diminish Japan's & the East Asian region's long-term security for two reasons. (1) Similar to other nations receiving such assistance, this aid may allow China to reallocate scarce capital to military modernization. Such military modernization may enable China to both better suppress internal dissent & carry out a more aggressive foreign policy. (2) This aid does not address the fundamental structural aspects of China's present instability. Long-term structural instability has many sources, but the two discussed here are socioeconomic inequality (both interregional & intraregional) & sustainable production & environmental problems. Taken together, these have important regional & geopolitical implications & repercussions. This article fills a gap in the existing literature on East Asian geopolitics. Namely, that by attending only to relatively short-term corporate & perceived state interests of China & Japan, Japanese aid does little to ameliorate & potentially exacerbates long-term structural social & environmental problems for China's vast majority living in rural hinterlands. The potential for internal turmoil springing from this uneven & unsustainable development inside China is the real basis for China's "threat" to East Asian security. 3 Figures. Adapted from the source document.